The Society Within Romania and Trompenaars principles †History Essay

The Society Within Romania and Trompenaars principles – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Society Within Romania and Trompenaars principles History Essay The Power Distance Power distance describes the degree of equality between different people within a particular society or group. Also described Hofstede, as: â€Å"power distance is the extent to which people expect and are willing to accept that power is distributed unequally. Inequality of power is a basic fact of life. It cannot be 100% eliminated. It is impossible to have no power distance, because this means that everyone is exactly equal (skills, actions, genetics etc) unless you are on about a bunch of identical lumps of rocks. Inequality can take many forms – the differences of physical and mental characteristics, social status and prestige, wealth, political power, rights, privileges etc. All of these are somewhat independent of each other, and in fact the link between them is culturally dependant. Not to put too fine a point on it, Romania is obviously a country with a high power distance. First of all, Romanians seem to expect differences in power between people, yet they are often cynical about personas in positions of authority. They love to ridicule authority and people in position of power. For example, the president of the country is said to be the most popular person among the population due to his hilarious way of behaving in different situations. Furthermore, offices in Romania are ruled by formality. Subordinates are rarely allowed to call their supervisors by their first name. The same thing happens in schools too. While in American schools one can find sheer informality, in Romania is exactly the opposite. If the society wants a lower power distance level, someone should take steps to make this exaggerated formality from schools a thing of the past. In addition, even the ways to say HELLO in Romania are bound to follow up certain rules. For example, if you are the secretary you can’t greet the same way your working colleagues and your boss. Greetings are subject to the same strict rules of formality and informality. Some extremely important consequences of a high power distance level are the sudden changes in government and the autocratic / absolutist governments. In days gone by, this has been more than obvious in our country. Let’s think of the 1989 Revolution when the Communist leaders were killed. In this day and age we find a certain polarization of left / right wing parties which is another consequence of a high power distance. If we now summarize, it stands to reason that Romania has a high power distance level. INDIVIDUALISM Individualism – this dimension focuses on the degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. If a country has a high Individualism score, this indicates that individuality and individual rights are dominant. Individuals in these societies tend to form relationships with larger numbers of people, but with the relationships being weak. A low individualism score points to a society that is more collectivist in nature. In such countries, the ties between individuals are very strong and the family is given much more weight. In such societies members lean towards collective responsibility. In my opinion, Romania is among the most individualistic countries in the world. First of all, the combination of this individualism with the communist emphasis upon engineering and task skills has resulted in a nation with almost no sense of what the sociologist Ulrich Beck refers to as â€Å"the other†. People do not give much consideration to their group needs when making decisions. Witness the selfishness if the political class, or the greed of the national business elite, both on the back of great poverty and exploitation. Too frequently do Romanians show little concern for pride in their own work. This leads the task element of leadership being measured in quantitative rather than qualitative terms. For example, people often ask themselves â€Å"Did I finish all my paperwork† rather than â€Å"How much value did I add by doing so?† . Journalists, for example, complain every day about their subjects (politicians) but they do not take personal responsibilities for their own actions. Whilst such complaints can be heard the world over, the scale of the problem is more widespread, deep rooted and damaging here than anywhere else. Apart from this, there is another issue to present. Whenever something goes wrong in Romania, there is a strong tendency for people to consider themselves as victims of circumstance, which leads to two subsequent effects. First of all, they exhibit passivity in the face of gross public abuses. Secondly, they have the tendency to find outsiders to blame. This can be proved by a very good example: the Emma Nicholson scandal over children’s homes. Rather than face the issue, the country seemed to unite in outrage at how this foreign woman dared to expose the things that we don’t speak about. This, of course, underlines the weakness of the society. UNCERTIANTY AVOIDANCE Uncertainty avoidance – this dimension concerns the level of acceptance for uncertainty and ambiguity within a society. A country with a high uncertainty avoidance score will have a low tolerance towards uncertainty and ambiguity. As a result it is usually a very rule-orientated society and follows well defined and established laws, regulations and controls. A low uncertainty avoidance score points to a society that is less concerned about ambiguity and uncertainty and has more tolerance towards variety and experimentation. Such a society is less rule-orientated, readily accepts change and is willing to take risks. Another definition is given by Hofstede: â€Å"uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations†. The essence of uncertainty is that is a subjective experience. But according to Hofstede, feelings of uncertainty are not only personal, but may also be partly shared with other members of society. Risk taking is an important factor, which is usually associated with entrepreneurial activity. When a cultural distance between countries increases, also will the uncertainty and the perceived risk. Romania is part of the group of countries with a high uncertainty avoidance score. A good example to prove this fact is to use Sanna Sundqvist’s study, entitled â€Å"Cross-cultural adoption of wireless communications: effects of cultural distance and country characteristics†. The study tries to analyze the cultural differences in adoption of wireless communications. In order to test the effects of cultural similarity, the study groups some countries on the basis of their cultural dimensions. Based on Hofstede indices, the 48 countries were classified using hierarchical cluster analysis into five segments. For example, cluster five contained countries like Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Netherlands, cluster four: China, Hong Kong, Singapore, cluster two: USA, Austria, U.K., Australia etc, cluster one: Argentina, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Germany etc. while cluster three had countries like Chile, Baltic countries, ROMANIA, Venezuela, Taiwan, Thailand, Peru etc. The results proved that cluster V has adopted wireless communication earliest while cluster three has adopted significantly later. This proves the fact that Romania, situated in cluster 3, is a country that does not accept changes easily. Another reason for this high level of uncertainty avoidance could be the fact that the Romanian nation is very old, and it has survived numerous wars, political upheavals and economic changes. Hence, Romanians have a greater fear of the unknown. Moreover, it is known that a country with a high uncertainty avoidance level will adopt due to imitation or in order to diminish risks and uncertainty, in Romania’s case, F the integration in the E.U. We are among the last countries to make this step. While it is true to say that we don’t have the necessary economic standards to join the E.U. I nevertheless think that from a different point of view this delay is also due to the high uncertainty avoidance level. Citizens being critical of their own nation is another characteristic feature of a country with a high uncertainty avoidance level. Romania’s population is never satisfied by any performances of the country. They always find a reason to put the negative part of an achievement in front of the positive one. MASCULINITY Masculinity – this dimension pertains to the degree societies reinforce or do not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control and power. A high masculinity score indicates that a country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation. In such cultures, males tend to dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure. A low masculinity score means a society has a lower level of level of differentiation and inequity between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women’s values differ less among societies than men’s values; (b) men’s values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women’s values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to woman’s values on the other side. The assertive pole has been called masculine and the modest, caring pole feminine. It stands to reason that Romania has a high masculinity score. To begin with, most of the VIP’s in Romania are men. The president is a man, the prime minister is a man, most of the other ministers are men, the secretaries of the state are men and so on. I would like to analyze the administration board of BNR, the national bank of my country, to prove my point. This board has the following structure: Governor: Ph.D Mugur Isarescu First Deputy Governor: Ph. D. Florin Georgescu Deputy Governor: Ph.D. Eugen Dijmarescu Deputy Governor: Ph.D. Cristian Popa Member: Ph.D. Silviu Cerna Member: Maria Ene Member: Agnes Nagy Member: Ph.D. Napoleon Pop Member: Ph.D. Virgiliu Stoenescu As we can see, 77.77% of the members are men while only 22.23% are women. Another important fact is that the inequalities between men and women in Romania are structural, rather than merely contingent, and a pervasive phenomena rather than a temporary consequences of the transition. It is a fact that the rising of unemployment has constantly affected women more than men, while women are over-represented in the lowest wage sectors of the economy (especially agriculture, healthcare and education). Furthermore, even the legislation from this country encourages masculinity. The best example to list here is the age of retirement which is not the same fro men and women. Women have lower retirement ages than men. Fewer years of contributing to the system combined with the data that indicates that women earn on average 83% of men’s earnings will result in lower average pensions for women. More worrying is the increase number of women moving from formal, paid employment to the informal sector or into unpaid family labor, situations in which it is unlikely that contributions will be made into the social, health or pensions system, resulting in a growing number of women potentially facing old age without pensions at all. The employers in Romania often regard the aspect of gender when hiring new people. For example, they prefer men engineers rather than women engineers, which is, of course, a discrimination as the only difference between men and women should be made when a job implies physical effort. By and large, I think that these characteristic features of Romania are really clear and that they are not unchangeable. In my opinion, each feature of each country varies in time. Maybe in some decades, the high level of masculinity and power distance will be a thing of the past, and we shall live in a better country with better people and smarter rules. Research Papers on The Society Within Romania and Trompenaar's principles - History EssayQuebec and CanadaCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

The Different Meanings of Dürfen in German

The Different Meanings of Dà ¼rfen in German Dà ¼rfen  (to be allowed to) is one of the six modal verbs  that are so essential in both English and German. As with other modal verbs, it is almost always used with another verb in a sentence. Dà ¼rfen  can also take on a few different meanings, depending on its context: As opposed to kà ¶nnen  (can, to be able to), the spelling of dà ¼rfen is far different from its English equivalent may, allowed/permitted to. This makes it a little more challenging to study, but its so important that students of the German language should fully understand its various meanings and learn how to conjugate dà ¼rfen. Dà ¼rfen: To Be Allowed to The main definition of dà ¼rfen  is may or to be allowed to. This is the most common use for the verb and you will find yourself using it quite often. Darf ich draußen spielen, Mutti? (May I play outside, Mom?)Der Schà ¼ler durfte nur einEN Bleistift und einEN Radiergummi zur Prà ¼fung mitbringen. (The student was only allowed to bring a pencil and an eraser to the exam.) When it comes to dà ¼rfen,  it seems that both English and German speakers make the same mistake. Did your English teacher ever reply to you with â€Å"I don’t know if you can, but you certainly may† in response to a question you formulated with â€Å"Can I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , instead of â€Å"May I†¦?† Germans share the same habit as you can compare in these two sentences which have completely different meanings: Kann ich bitte zur Toilette hingehen? (Can I go to the washroom?)Darf ich bitte zur Toilette hingehen?  (May I go to the washroom?) Dà ¼rfen: Polite Requests Dà ¼rfen  can also be used as a form of politeness when asking a question or making a request. Wenn ich bitten darf, mit welcher Fluglinie sind Sie geflogen?  (If I may ask, on which airline did you fly?Darf ich rein?  (May I come in?) Dà ¼rfen: A Possibility There are also times when you may want to use dà ¼rfen  to indicate a strong possibility that something will happen. To form  this meaning of dà ¼rfen, the subjunctive II must be used. Sie dà ¼rfte um 8 Uhr hier sein.  (She will most likely be here at 8 o’clock.)Meine Tante dà ¼rfte bald mehr Geld bekommen.  (My aunt will most likely receive more money.) Nicht Dà ¼rfen   When you add an infinitive verb to nicht dà ¼rfen, you express the prohibition of something. Hier darf man nicht schwimmen.  (You are not allowed to swim here.) When you add the subjunctive II and an infinitive to nicht dà ¼rfen, you express an accusation. Deine Hausaufgaben httest du nicht vergessen dà ¼rfen, jetzt bekommst du keine gute Note. (You should not have forgotten your homework, now you won’t receive a good mark.)

Explaining governmental organizational structure Essay - 2

Explaining governmental organizational structure - Essay Example It has a local economic impact that annually support more than 1370 jobs in the town leading to Annual Earnings of about $78,025,500 and annual economic activities that are amounting to about $214,144,300. It’s a source of employment to the residents of Babylon in different fields like accountants, managers, and aircraft control staff. Since the airport is self-supporting, none of the towns earning from tax is spent in funding any of its operations. In addition the airport together with its residents also contributes over 600,000 dollars as tax to the town. The airport is also the home to the famous American Air power museum which invites air travel enthusiasts from all over the globe. The facility hence adds to the income of the town and the airport. It is also the home to Long Island Republic Airport Historical Society which keeps the important displays of the airport. Finally, the airport has led the town to attain national publicity. It hence hosts world class events like golf. This also earns the town much income. In a recap of all these economic developmental benefits that the airport generates to the town of Babylon, we can conclusively sum it up by saying that the republic airport is an economic pillar to the town of

United Nations, focused on international law Essay

United Nations, focused on international law - Essay Example At the end of World War II, fifty-one countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security established the UN on 24th October 1945. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN and its membership totals 191 countries.Each member country has to obligate to all the requirements of the UN charter. This charter is an international treaty designed to protect future generations from the scourge and curse of war and written to affirm fundamental human rights. The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends.The United Nations comprises of six main bodies. Five of them - the General Assemb ly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.The General Assembly makes decisions on the key issues and world's most pressing problems, and is represented by each member nation with the account of one vote each. The Security Council carries out decisions pertaining to international peace and security. ... There are certain other UN offices and programmes that work to improvise the living conditions of the world and the people on the whole. Two such important offices to mention are United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). The UNESCO was founded in November 1945 with the aim to build peace in the world through knowledge, social progress, exchange and mutual understanding among peoples. The UNICEF was created in December 1946 by the United Nations to provide food, clothing and health care to European children facing famine and disease in the aftermath of the Second World War. Their mandate is to advocate for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential. The UN provides the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting all of us. In this process, all the Member States have a right to be heard and to cast a vote, irrespective of their size, wealth and economic positions, political views and social systems. UN and International Law As per its prime objective of maintaining peace and security throughout the world, and managing and resolving any conflicts arising out of international disputes, United Nations has undertaken the progressive codification and development of international law by forming a comprehensive body of international law. The over 500 conventions, treaties and standards resulting from this work have provided a framework for promoting international peace and security and economic and social development. They legally bind states that

Cyberspace and real Space Essay Example for Free

Cyberspace and real Space Essay The real space is a backdrop where human entities are controlled by the sovereign codes or constitution of the land based on particular demographics. For instance, people need to have passports for them to be legitimate to drive vehicles; they also need passports with visa stamps for them to be able to roam about in different territorial precincts. Whereas the cyberspace is a backdrop that persons are, inherently, free from the control of real space sovereigns. Licenses determine one’s individuality, they say who they are, and if they have been involved in any criminal activities. These are internal passports of many contemporary societies. This environment is characterized by the decentralized nature of the internet that has created the world a global village. Contrary to the underlying connotations, the cyberspace like the free world is subject to monumental regulations that are now evident with the emerging technological advances. Ideally, the cyberspace has the probability of being the most enormously and extensively controlled space in our very existence. So the prospects of a space of freedom shouldn’t arise. Bolter J. D (1999) Presently as in authentic freedom, myriad restrictions control character in the cyberspace. The legal framework for instance has documented the cyberspace patent law, defamation law, sexual harassment law, to control character of the cyber space just like it is curtailed in the real world. The cyberspace at present has incorporated regulatory models that administer attitude and renders persons to approve from others. This also works in the cyberspace as customs operate in real space, aggressive punishments expressed by a society. The bazaar hampers in cyber space, presently as in the actual space. Change the value of access, the restrictions on access varies. Differentiate the architecture of pricing access and the regulation of marginal access shifts dramatically as well. Bukatman S (2000) The cyberspace in this argument hinges on the architecture inclined on the coding system. How persons interact and co-subsist in the cyberspace backdrop is therefore determined by clustered protocols, the set of rules, implemented or codified, in the software of cyberspace itself. The cryptogram architecture in the real space sets the terms that also apply in the cyberspace. Life in the real space is subject to the code in the same way just like life in real space is subject to the architectures of real space. Bukatman S (2000) The essence of the constrictions of code in cyberspace differs, although the comprehension of it does not fluctuate. The cyberspace infrastructures have been made in a way that prompts password verification before one gain an access into the network or database. At some point transactions processed by individuals offers map out that guide transactions. In some backgrounds one can opt to speak a language that the recipient can only comprehend, and in other regions, encryption in not an option. Bukatman S (2000) The variations are represented by the code of these conflicting places. The cryptogram or program or design or code of behavior of the spaces constructs these prototypes. These are typically prototypes determined by code writers; they hold back some performances by making other performances probable. Bukatman S (2000) In actual sense these clustered rules like the designs inherent in the real space, regulate character in cyberspace. Code and market and norms and law together control the cyberspace then as architecture and market and norms and law regulate in real space. Based on research findings, real space depends on architecture configurations. Clustered rules and traditions and the bazaar could easily differentiate alongside various types in real space. In real space hiding is a bit problematic. Evidently, a kid can don a mustache, and position on stilts and endeavor to pierce a porn shop to purchase porn. Cyberspace and real spaces are two separate entities, even though it has been assumed that clustered regulations operating between the two spaces are moreless similar. The default in cyberspace is ambiguity. Since it is easy to conceal the identity and enhance perversity on the net, it is pragmatic that codes and norms to apply in the cyberspace are a bit tricky. Regulation of behavior in the cyberspace is an intricate affair as it is evident in the real space. This is attributed to the amorphous nature of the coding design that make-up the cyberspace. McCaffrey L (1999) Politically the cyberspace architecture portrays differences in political regimes of liberty and political regimes of monopoly. They follow divergent ideological differences between the West and the East Germany; flanked also by the USA and the former USSR; in addition to the Republic of China and the Mainland China. In a nutshell these spaces are about divergent philosophies of admittance. The underlying principals construct differences between control and freedom and these differences are manifested through design and structured rules. The coding platforms have been enhancing political mores. With the advents of contemporary scientific advances, the choices in terms of the architecture are as imperative as the constitution that governs the land. Essentially the clustered rules governing the cyberspace are simply its constitution. This code establishes terms through which individuals obtain entry; the codes also determine the regulations and fashion the traditions. Implicitly, the coding system is the cyberspace authority regulating this particular backdrop just like the realspace is regulated by the constitution. Much as the Internet configuration has been celebrated as a conduit of freedom, so much in response to the system is changing under our consciousness. The misconception that the net enhances a liberal society is practically undergoing serious metamorphosis. There has been a shift in the coding system from freedom to monopoly. This change is rather inevitable and it’s being implemented without interference by state machineries. Both the political class and also pundits representing the interests of the political elites have invaded the evolution of the coding structures. They are indeed shifting the design from a freedom-based backdrop to despotic kind of network. McCaffrey L (1999) With the enormous rates by which technology is changing, it is evident that probabilities are very high to the uprising of despotic authorities that would be rather worse off hypothetical than any sovereignty in the real space ever was. Scientific structures of control are prospective, although very expensive to support. The extravagant monetary aspect inherent with the cyberspace is one aspect that fosters potential liberty. Inefficient Real space monopolistic technologies are tantamount to real space liberty. No sooner than soon the cyberspace culture is translating into a culture visible in the real space. The direction technology is heading will soon bring about a costless database collecting persons statistics at no cost, without interfering with persons endeavors. Tabbi J (2000) Soon or later the cyberspace just like the real space will witness massive authorization to monitor behavior. However, the scrutinizing effect in the cyberspace would be less expensive in comparison to the tracking architectures in the real world. The monitoring factors function in stealth modes on the background of the cyberspace, but effectively and invisibly. The cyberspace system is an awful system of control that is much more significant than real space systems in the history of humanity. The system to some extent professes the notions of liberty as well as freedom from government. What is imperative in terms of the coding structure is to find possible means by which salient and fundamental the modern day freedom platform of the net could offer. Benjamin F (2005) What is however fundamentally true in the evolution of the Cyberspace, is that the coding industry should perceive how these clustered laws are emerging sovereign omnipresent, omnipotent, gentle, efficient, expanding and it should be constructed contrary to the authority and precincts that have been industrialized not in favor of real space crown heads. In the real space, law controls in myriad ways as well. It controls, indirectly and directly. It regulates indirectly when it controls these other modalities of constraint in the sense that they regulate differently. Dry law controls the norms divergently, whereas it regulates the market and at the same time the market controls differently; it also controls design in the sense that architecture could control separately. Spinard N (2000) In the real space the government of the day can co-opt, the other configurations in the sense that this structures constrain to the governments end. The same is applicable in cyberspace. Nonetheless, the government can control the Cyberspace so that character in the Cyberspace becomes rather governable. By the use of encryption, the government could easily regulate to particular substantive ends. Most regimes in this case have been curtailing on encryption in bid to controlling privacy and the ability to hide the content of communications from the eyes of an eavesdropping third party. With the technological advances present, the US has dominated the market with encryption that offer a backdoor open for the government to enter. Benedict. M (1999) The real space scenario, passports were symbolically badges that gave persons admittance. They controlled what in the Russian state Russians could come to know. It is until the issue of the passports were abolished is when Russian people obtained their democratization of citizenship in Russia. In essence the real space or rather the real world is controlled by certain constraints. Law controls by imposing sanctions, in the event that taxes are not duly paid, the consequences are so tough that they could lead someone into jail. If you steal some one car you could easily end up behind bars. Dry law is consequently a highflying constraint. Social mores also do regulate, in terms of how persons should contact themselves. This mores are enhanced through various code laid down by different societies. The market constraints also act as control mechanisms that curtail the amount of expenditure on attires. Through the structures of price, the market constructs opportunities as well as regulations. Lastly but not least nature functions as an aspect of regulation in the real space. This is categorically, the constraint of the world as it is. The fact that you cannot see what lies behind this or that mountain is imperatively nature limitation of the perception. Bell, D (2002) References: Bell, D (2002) A study of the Cyber traditions. Britain Rout ledge. Benedict. M (1999) the Cyberspace, Oxford University Press. Bolter J. D (1999) Space Coding: Technology and the evolution of coding, hypertext. Hillsdale. Bukatman S (2000) Workstation Distinctiveness. The Virtual themes in Contemporary scientific fiction. Harvard University Press. Dery M (2000) Get away Swiftness. Cyber traditions at the end of the century. Minnesota University Press. Jordan T (2000) Cyber Authority: the traditions and politics of the cyber world. Cambridge University Press. McCaffrey L (1999) Invading the Practical Studio: study on the cyberpunk and contemporary scientific fiction. Birmingham University Press. Penley et al (1999) the techno culture. Minneapolis: University of Leeds press. Tabbi J (2000) Contemporary Sublime: American scientific revolutions from mail to cyberpunks. Oregon University Press. Cavallaro D (2005) Cyberpunk and the Real space: scientific fiction and the works of Gibson William. New York press. Benjamin F (2005) trouncing up the scientific flight path Post Modern identity and Political Alternatives. Modern fiction. Cambridge University Press. Spinard N (2000) The Necromantic Cyber experts; Science fiction in the real world. Carbondale, Illinois University Press.

Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Essay -- Philos

Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Thomas Hobbes in Chapter 13 of Leviathan, and David Hume in Section 3 of An Enquiry Concerning the Princples of Morals, give views of human nature. Hobbes’ view captures survivalism as significant in our nature but cannot account for altruism. We cover Hobbes’ theory with a theory of Varied Levels of Survivalism, explaining a larger body of behavior with the foundation Hobbes gives. Hume gives a scenario which does not directly prove fruitful, but he does capture selfless behavior. We will give Hobbes’ view of human nature as he describes it in Chapter 13 of Leviathan. We will then give an argument for placing a clarifying layer above the Hobbesian view in order to account for acts of altruism. Hobbes views human nature as the war of each man against each man. For Hobbes, the essence of human nature can be found when we consider how man acts apart from any government or order. Hobbes describes the world as â€Å"a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man.† (Hobbes mp. 186) In such a world, there are â€Å"no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† (Hobbes mp. 186) Hobbes believes that laws are what regulate us from acting in the same way now. He evidences that our nature is this way by citing that we continue to lock our doors for fear of theft or harm. Hobbes gives a good argument which is in line with what we know of survivalism, and evidences his claim well. Hobbes claims that man is never happy in having company, unless that company is utterly dominated. He says, â€Å"men have no pleasure, (but on the contrary a great dea... ...vivalist instinct that involves self-preservation. Hobbes, however, is unable to explain altruism, thus we developed the Varied Levels of Survivalism as a layer above his theory. This modification allows for varying motives based on circumstances, all based on survival. Hume takes note of this altruistic tendency but he gives a scenario that is either inapplicable or he does not filter survivalism from humanity. Utilizing Hobbes’ survivalism, Hume’s generosity when capable, and the Varied Levels of Survivalism, we arrive at a viable theory of human nature and explanation of human behavior. Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. (2001, October 30) "Leviathan" (1651). Available at: http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/thomas_hobbes/leviathan.html Hume, David, 1772 (reprinted in 2004) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (New York, Barnes and Noble)

Red Bull Case Study

Q1. The pure and strong cola drink comes with all power packs. By looking at Red bull cola drink and its profile, I would prefer to target two market segments specifically; behavourial and psychographic. I will pre-dominantly be focusing at behavourial segmentation. As it going to speak much about product’s quality. BEHAVOURIAL SEGMENTATION: Behavourial segmentation is the major segmentation which I would like to focus in order to be succeeded in capturing market. The very vital point through I feel that market of Red Bull cola can flourish is the quality and awareness to people of its product. QUALITY: Red bull cola that holds natural and pure ingredients plus there are no sweeteners, preservatives and artificial colour in the drink. Just a simple dedicated pure drink which enhance the quality of brand. Product quality must be differentiation point from competitors. ?AWARENESS: This is perhaps the best option where Red Bull cola can flourish their self. One way or another; th is is the most important part of segmentation. This is where they have to get their strategy right, Red bull cola making awareness to particularly people of UK, who are very conscious about their health and diet. The message which can be send by Red Bull cola about their drink is that; it is fully designed to people’s preference diet. As it is the only drink which contains the original kola nut and coca leaf with more caffeine that helps people to stay active in their day to day life. There is no artificial colour, preservatives and sweeterners. Therefore, it is build to serve your health most than other cola drinks. It’s ‘100% natural and strong’. PSYCHOGRAPHIC: Marketers are increasingly segmenting their market on consumer’s lifestyle. Red Bull cola must also target psychographic segments as it appeals to be iconic brand. They have more focus on life style and social class of people. They are trying to be trendy. ?SOCIAL CLASS: I would further like to divide social class into disco club, gig, sporting venues and musical concerts. Red bull segmenting social class may also prove to be a fruitful venture. This segment target those people who loves to go gigs, concert, sporting venues and disco clubs. Red bull cola will be main organizers of above areas and that create an icon in consumers mind about Red Bull cola essentials. ?LIFE STYLE: The reason I have chosen lifestyle segmentation is because the people of UK more renown as the nation who loves to be healthy and fit. Perhaps we can say them mainstreams, these people need security. They will buy well known, safe brands and avoid risk. Therefore Red Bull cola is just tailor made for those who loves to go secure. Red Bull cola is 100% pure and strong and dismiss the philosophy of artificial flavour. You can take it with you on exercise, you can use it as appealing product. Red Bull brand name says it all. Q2. Red bull cola wants to sparkle in a way with their product ingredients information. Therefore, their message is clear; they want to captualize the market on basis of pureness and naturalism of their product. As they have used slogan â€Å"strong and natural† prominently. According to them â€Å"we use high quality, authentic ingredients that create a greater tasting out of other cola†. However, Red bull campaign for their energy drink went successful when represent their brand by cartonize advertisement and appealing slogan â€Å"Red bull gives you wings†. Red Bull Cola marketing campaign much focusing strategically on psychographic segmentation particularly than any other segment. 00% natural ingredients may get customer toward them but high caffeine; once again prove to be a barrier in their targeting customer. Before I get to strategic segments let me post the article which Red Bull cola has disclosed. â€Å"LONDON: Red bull unveils ? 2 million campaigns for simply cola – Red Bull is rolling out a ? 2m marketing drive to support its e ntry into the ultra-competitive cola market, which will push the naturalness of the product† – DATED: June 08. STRATEGIC SEGMENTS: Market and service segments which require changes in marketing mix can be distinguished from strategic segments. Strategic segments are those segments which are aligned by company for long period of return. In other words they look out for longer vision of company which compromises strategic planning. They can by outlined by 4 P’s, let me explain the Red Bull Cola’s strategy on 4P’s which I believe they belong to. 4 P’s; product, price, promotion and place. ?PRODUCT: This is the very important point and red bull cola trying a lot to stick with it. Product’s information, as they defines it’s a 100% natural product, contains no artificial colour, sweeteners and preservatives. Truly a pure blend of 100% natural sources. Perhaps, they want to create product differentiation from competitors by adding natural ingredients, this is where they strengthening their product knowledge. This is where their main target is; to catch the market on the basis of product quality. Thus, for that they have to put the message right to the people. However, product is sold in 25cl and 35. 5cl cans, and it also comes in multipack of containing 4 bottles in it. ?PRICE: Price which are red bull cola charging is varying in different stores, Tesco selling it at ? 1. 0, Waitrose selling at ? 1. 20 and Budgens at ? 1. 09. By looking out the prices they are charging we can say that they are charging premium price for their product where as their giant competitors (PEPSI and COCA-COLA) sell their cola drink mostly on 60pence. Therefore, they are charging almost double of their competitors drink. The value added for their premium price is that red bull cola blended from 100% natural sour ces â€Å"Strong and Natural. † ?PROMOTION: Red bull cola, particularly promoting their drink by slogan â€Å"Natural drink†; through which customers normally are attracted. They have achieved a great amount of success by setting energy drink slogan â€Å"Red bull gives you wings†. However, as far as their promotion activities are concern, they are putting banners and advertisement in almost every store, and also offering free fridge to stores for placing their cola drink in unique and catchy way for customer. ?PLACE: The product is also in clubs, bars, restaurants and stores. Whereas Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola drink are normally not available in most of clubs and bars; where they have targeted places like clubs and bars. As per red bull cola’s initial strategy was capture the people who attends musical and sporting events, thus in cola drink they are also targeting the same genre. CONCLUDING 4P’s STRATEGY OF RED BULL COLA: The main thing which I have observed that Red Bull Cola targeting is specifically product and promotion. Even though they are not emphasizing enough on price and place. Product information which underlay product topic plays evenly crucial and important role to push Red Bull Cola one step ahead of competitors. However for that they have to get promotion strategy right. Q3. How is Red Bull differentiated from its competitors? Red Bull Cola is differentiates itself in four main ways from its competitors (Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola). Those four ways are ingredients, taste, appearance and price. INGREDIENTS: The Red Bull Cola drink is only cola drink which contains original coca leaf and kola nut. Other ingredients which they have used are; †¢Galangal †¢Lemon/Lime †¢Vanilla †¢Cinnamon †¢Cardamom †¢Orange †¢Corn mint ea †¢Ginger †¢Mace †¢Coca †¢Mustard seeds. †¢Clove †¢Liquorice †¢Pine Whereas, Pepsi and Coca-Cola use ingredients like caffeine, caramel flavour, natural flavour, phosphoric acid, carbonated water and high fructose corn syrup (sugar). TASTE: Apparently the taste of Red Bull Cola is much different than the taste of its competitors, and that is quite understandable as well, as Red Bull Cola contains original sources of Cola drink; like original coca leaf and kola nut. In my survey; which is enclosed at the end of question 5, lot of people are quite surprised to taste original cola drink taste (Red Bull cola) as they were very much addicted of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola taste. APPEARENCE: The can of Red Bull cola is very much different than the can of Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola. Pepsi and Coca-Cola has almost same type of can. However, Red bull can is much taller and thinner in size as compared to Pepsi and Coca-Cola. PRICE: Price which is charged by Red Bull Cola drink is almost double of price which is charged by their competitors; however they are also giving value added as their drink is extracted from 100% natural sources. Q.. 4 Target market is basically a breaking of market in segments and then focusing on particular key segments. It helps business to be cost effective when 4Ps are applied within the selected or desired market segments. Red Bull Cola mainly targeting the psychographic segmentation, and at some extent Red Bull nergy drink is also targeting psychographic segmentation. Now let me explain some of the advertisement of Red Bull energy drink that has made on athletes. On their website I have seen video and testimonials of people which were something like this. A girl 24 year old doing climbing rock because she drinks red bull energy drink; she got the energy which she ever wanted. A 23 yea r old guy who's a motor cycle champion in 2008 uses same drink because he wants energy to perform exceptionally well, same with the person who is 34 year old and doing water sports. So the main theme is that if u wants to feel energy use red bull energy drinks. Whereas, Red Bull cola for those who wants to drink fresh and natural drink because Red Bull cola is made of natural ingredients, no sweeteners, no artificial flavour and no artificial colour – 100% natural. However, Red Bull GmbH targets the social and sporting events specifically to leave a note on people’s mind, for example that they proudly presents x games; in one way or another they are playing a mind game here, they are encoding a indirect message that passionate and extra ordinary athletes having a drink like Red Bull; so if you have similar passion or desire then you also try Red Bull. COMPARING TARGET MARKET: To some extent Red Bull cola and energy drink; both are falling into a same target market; as ?Both are being sold in same stores normally. ?They both are trying to capture market on basis of psychographic segmentation, as red bull cola is targeting health conscious people and red bull energy drink targeting lifestyle of people who wants to feel pure freedom, who wants to try something new, energetic and innovative generation. However both underlay in psychographic segmentation. Both drinks are meant to boost up energy level. One is â€Å"Strong and Natural† so other is mainly energy drink. ?Both products are proud organizers of musical, games and social events. POSITIONING: Positing is simply that how customer recall your product. By looking Red Bull Cola slogan â€Å"Natural and Strong† one can say; whenever customer think about original cola drink; first thing which they will get in their mind is Red Bull Cola drink as it is 100% natural. Whereas, Red Bull energy drink has now a firm grasp in world as one of leading energy drink, therefore whenever some one think about energy then he must think about Red Bull energy drink, further more their slogan says it all which is proving to be a very successful slogan for capturing market â€Å"Red Bull Gives You Wings. † Q5. Through my research and findings, I came to this point that red bull cola can not survive for long in market. There is not reason but reasons that can leave red bull’s step of introducing cola in vain. Many have come and many have failed in sector of cola. After my qualitative research I would like to mention the things which are potential threats to red bull cola’s fancy entry, competitors, alternatives of product, price, taste and expectations. First thing which is consistently giving red signal to red bull cola entry is their giant competitors; Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. The reason I all them giant competitors is because they are the oldest companies in cola sector and has world wide distribution mechanism. Through their product life they have targeted the every market segmentation; plus they hold customer loyalty status that has positive response to their cola drinks. Second thing which is bothering to Red Bull Cola at the moment is alternatives to a product. Basically we can say it change of people preference culture. As per healthy requirement; people are now moving to a product which offers more nutrition and energy; just like natural fruit drink and energy drinks. Thus change in preference culture has not only affected the Red Bull cola but also to giant companies (Pepsi and Coca Cola); as their profits of last two year has slimed. But at this point, some may say this is the right time to capture market but I personally dismiss this idea. Thirdly, their pricing strategy didn’t work out properly. In other words, barrier from Red Bull cola to their customer is high ‘price’. Even if above two threats (competitors and alternatives to product) satisfy the product needs – still price problem will stand firm. Therefore, product’s price is not at good value. Fourth thing which I want to languish here is the taste of Red Bull Cola differs a lot from the taste of others cola drinks. People are so used to taste of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola that even if they taste pure cola like Red Bull Cola they dismiss its taste preference. Now last and final threat through which I think they can’t be succeeded into the UK market is that they haven’t lived up to the people’s expectation. People were expecting something innovative and energetic from Red Bull Company, but unfortunately it hasn’t come out to be a product which people were expecting. However, bottom line is that Red Bull Cola has come up with flop strategy that seriously need to be reviewed because the threats that are standing as barrier for Red Bull Cola for flourishing in markets are very competitive and strong.

Closing a person centred counselling session Essay

Explain the importance of closing a session Each counselling session is likely to be emotive which will leave the client vulnerable to the outside world of the counselling room. Since some difficult topics are likely to be discussed and the client is likely to express a variety of emotions, it can be hard to bring a session to an end. Sometimes it can feel that the timing of the endings is insensitive to the clients needs. It is extremely important to summarise accurately and sensitively to confirm to the client that they have been heard. It demonstrates empathy and understanding and it allows for clarification where necessary. Even when a client is aware of the time boundary, they can be so absorbed in talking about something deeply emotional. It is important to re- assure the client that they are welcome to discuss this in more depth at the next meeting. Closing the session gives the client opportunity to confirm practical details for further sessions, such as dates, times, number of further sessions needed. This will define boundaries and make the client feel safe and establish trust that the counselor has a commitment to helping the client resolve their Explain the possible impact of diversity on the use of counselling skills in a session. Prejudice is, for good or ill, a part of our nature. It is instilled in us from birth onwards. All we can hope to do is to combat it, and the first tool in our armoury must be that of awareness. Without this, it is very difficult, perhaps impossible, for the counsellor to explore how it might be influencing the counselling relationship. Difference, prejudice and discrimination are issues that all counsellors need to address as part of their personal and professional development. Counsellor need support and training on these complex issues as this will help the counselor understand the experience of discrimination, as well as explore their own – often unconscious – attitudes to others, based on gender, sexuality, race, culture or mental health, social class, biological sex, gender-role identity, marital status and values and religion.

How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times

How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times By Mark Nichol Where do the commas go in references to days, months, years, and time of day? Take some time to note these punctuation rules: No comma is needed between a month and a year: â€Å"The meeting was held in August 2011.† The same form is correct for referring to a holiday during a certain year: â€Å"I haven’t seen her since Christmas 2005.† However, set the year off from the month and day: â€Å"She attended the August 31, 2011, meeting.† Use a comma to set a day off from the date on which the particular day falls: â€Å"The meeting was held on Wednesday, August 31.† A continuation of the sentence requires a second comma: â€Å"The meeting was held on Wednesday, August 31, and the report was issued the following week.† No comma is required between a date and a starting time for an event on that date: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31 at 7 p.m.† A continuation of the sentence requires no punctuation unless a new independent clause is introduced: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31 at 7 p.m. and is expected to last for three hours,† but â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31 at 7 p.m., and it is expected to last for three hours.† However, as in the second example in the second paragraph, the combination of day, date, and time requires organizational punctuation: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, August 31, at 7 p.m.† â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31, 7-9 p.m.† (Print publications should use an en dash for the time range; some online publications do so, too.) A comma should follow the time range if the sentence continues: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31, 7-9 p.m., and will feature a guest speaker.† A reference to day, date, and time requires commas between each pair of elements: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, August 31, 7-9 p.m.† (And don’t precede a time range with from: It’s either â€Å"7-9 p.m.† or â€Å"from 7 to 9 p.m.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtProved vs. Proven30 Nautical Expressions

Problemas de viajar fuera de USA con visa U

Problemas de viajar fuera de USA con visa U   Si has aplicado para una visa U para và ­ctimas de crà ­menes,  incluidos algunos casos de  violencia domà ©stica,  Ã‚  o si tu solicitud ha sido aprobada puede que desees viajar fuera de EEUU. Pero,  ¿se puede hacer? La respuesta es que nadie puede impedir que se viaje. Pero es muy aconsejable no hacerlo. La razà ³n es que puede que no puedas regresar a Estados Unidos. Incluso si puedes, tomar su tiempo porque tendrs que ir al consulado y esperar por los trmites correspondientes.   Por estos motivos, si ests en Estados Unidos y has pedido una visa U o si tu aplicacià ³n ha sido aprobada es muy recomendable que sà ³lo viajes   a otro paà ­s si es absolutamente necesario, siendo aconsejable que antes de viajar consultes tu caso con un abogado de inmigracià ³n especialista en este tipo de casos. Como este es un asunto muy serio, en este artà ­culo se explica quà © puede pasar si se viaja fuera de Estados Unidos, tanto mientras se tiene la solicitud de visa pendiente como si ya ha sido aprobada. Quà © se debe hacer si se necesita viajar  y tambià ©n quà © momento es el ideal para viajar.  ¿Quà © puede pasar si se viaja  fuera de Estados Unidos con visa U? Si sà ³lo has aplicado  por la visa U ante el USCIS mediante el envà ­o de la planilla (forma) I-918  pero todavà ­a no tienes respuesta y viajas fuera de Estados Unidos necesitars ir a una embajada o un consulado americano para obtener la visa para regresar. Pero el proceso puede demorarse meses. En estos casos hay que esperar por la decisià ³n del USCIS. y aprueba la solicitud, iniciar la tramitacià ³n del visado. Y eso en el caso de que se apruebe. Si la aplicacià ³n de la visa U ha sido aprobada y viajas despuà ©s de dicha aprobacià ³n al extranjero tambià ©n es necesario ir a una embajada o consulado americano   para poder regresar. Esto es asà ­ porque cuando el USCIS hizo su aprobacià ³n el à ºnico documento que entregà ³ fue un documento conocido como I-797C. Esto es simplemente una Nota de Accià ³n en la que se reconoce el estatus, pero no es una visa. Por lo tanto, hay que obtener una en una oficina consular de los Estados Unidos. Y este proceso puede demorarse meses. Adems, tanto en el caso de que se viaje fuera de EEUU cuando sà ³lo se tiene presentada la aplicacià ³n por la visa U como cuando se tiene aprobada la solicitud se corre un riesgo grande que que al presentarse al consulado la visa no sea aprobada. Las razones pueden ser variadas: Al estar en el extranjero no se ha recibido alguna notificacià ³n importante del USCIS.El gobierno considera que con este viaje se ha abandonado la peticià ³nEl gobierno dicen que al estar fuera se incumple con la obligacià ³n de colaborar con las autoridades, que es un requisito de este visado.Se puede considerar que no se sufre del alegado sufrimiento fà ­sico o psà ­quico que se ha alegado al solicitar la visa.  ¿Puedo viajar si antes de salir de Estados Unidos se solicita un advance parole? Esta opcià ³n sà ³lo es posible si la persona a la que se le ha aprobado la visa U ha pedido un ajuste de estatus mediante el envà ­o de la planilla I-485. Sà ³lo en este caso, y nunca antes, es posible solicitar  el advance parole. En todo caso resaltar que es necesario poder alegar razones vlidas para el viaje. No se trata de que simplemente se quiere ver a la familia, etc. Problemas muy serios a tener siempre en cuenta   Si un inmigrante ha permanecido en Estados Unidos ilegalmente por ms de seis meses seguidos se le va a aplicar el castigo de los tres y los diez aà ±os. Esto hace que sea muy problemtico salir del paà ­s porque puede ser dificilà ­simo volver a entrar hasta que pase el tiempo impuesto en el castigo. Y esto es asà ­ incluso en los casos en los que se viaja con un advance parole en mano y al llegar a las aduanas y fronteras de EEUU no se permite ingresar al paà ­s.  ¿Cundo se puede viajar sin problemas fuera de Estados Unidos? Realmente lo ideal es cuando ya se obtiene la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. La visa U puede transformarse despuà ©s de 4 aà ±os y mediante un ajuste de estatus en una residencia. Una vez que se obtienes ya se puede viajar y regresar a Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Curriculum Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Curriculum Development - Essay Example The authors focus on the standard of curriculum design for higher education as well as secondary education (Wiggins & McTighe, 2005). The objective of Oliva’s model is to analyze the needs of society in which schools are established. The model further aims to enhance the requirements of students and exigencies regarding the subject that will be taught in school. The purpose is to implement and organize the curriculum to establish and formulate the structure by which the course design will be prepared (Oliva, 1992). Wiggins and McTighe states that the profession of teaching is very close to engineering and design. Like the later, teachers too need to be client-centered. The authors believe that the effectiveness of teacher through instruction, assessment, and curriculum, determines the desired learning (Wiggins & McTighe, 2005). Oliva’s model shows that teachers choose instructional strategies to use in the classroom with students. Furthermore, the instructors need to use preliminary selection technique for evaluation. At this point, the teachers think ahead and commence to consider ways that will assess the achievements of students (Oliva, 1992). Wiggins and McTighe use the clichà © ‘form follows function’ that describe the idea how the course should be developed around its planned purpose. They state that content focused design is too ambiguous as it does not elucidate the reason of how discussion and reading help students. The authors formulated templates of questions for instructors to develop a lesson (Wiggins & McTighe, 2005). In Oliva’s model, very diminutive attention has been given to cognitive construct and development of understanding. The author has consistently focused on identifying and specifying needs of students. However, Wiggins and McTighe explores the concept of understanding and its importance if course designs. Understanding is highly crucial for cognitive construct

Data Warehousing and Data Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Warehousing and Data Mining - Essay Example The main objective is to eliminate or minimize the redundancy and at the same time increasing database efficiency. The negative part illustrates that too much implementation of normalization can cause issues. The objective is to deploy the highest acceptable level of normalization. If we compare three of these NF’s, the 1NF removes replication in groups. The 2NF reduces data replication or redundancy and the 3NF reduces columns from the tables that are not reliant on primary keys. Therefore, database design must demonstrate the highest level of normalization possible, in order to make database efficient and robust. In order to maintain 3 large databases for a VLDB and to keep them efficient for two years if required, there is a requirement for constructing a ‘store and forward’ mechanism that will process the data or information from and through each distribution center database. Likewise, at the same time embrace that data or information pending till the completi on of EDW. Moreover, data archiving is also required for maintaining each distribution center becoming a VLDB. EDW is efficient enough to support this scenario. A study demonstrated the overall cost of this disease throughout the world is $376 Billion annually. It is now almost fundamental that a person exceeding an age of 60 have more chances to get this disease, as it is now considered as the fourth largest live taking disease globally along with making its name for the fourth most common disease that contributes to a death of a person. However, the most common of all diabetes is the type 2. As there are almost 20% habitants suffering from in the United Arab Emirates alone, many research studies and debates are conducted yearly in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Moreover, awareness sessions are conducted in every town of the cities to aware the people about this disease (MoH launches second phase of diabetes campaign.2010). However, this case study demonstrates the disease diabetes and medic al data associated with patients from the Middle east region i.e. United Arab Emirates for discovering concealed patterns and the valuable information that can be utilized for decision making process. In addition, these informed decisions are performed by medical personnel and practitioners. Therefore, this case study can be utilized for illustrating the requirements for medication for each type of diabetes and also forecast the futuristic elements reflected in the extracted data (MoH launches second phase of diabetes campaign.2010). In the process of data mining, the data associated with people has risky ethical significances. Data mining experts need to deploy norms for making the data application resilient (Keating, 2008). As far as humans are concerned, this method is associated with disparity along with behaviors such as racialism, as they are negative to norms. Perception that is considered as another example is dependent on the applied classification, as it is recognized in s plitting a disease that needs urgent attention. However, in case of a financial institution or a bank, loan acquisition is a non-ethical characteristic. Similarly, there are numerous factors that may be relevant to data mining. For instance, a report that was published from a leading consumer illustrated that in France, customer possessing a red car are more likely to be defaulters in returning loans back. As it is a debatable issue on categorizing it as ethical or non-ethical issue, similarly, insurance companies are always